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The Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC) ( Bellum Cantabricum), sometimes also referred to as the Cantabrian and Asturian Wars ( Bellum Cantabricum et Asturicum), were the final stage of the two-century long Roman conquest of Hispania, in what today are the provinces of Cantabria, Asturias and León in northwestern Spain.
During the reign of Roman emperor Augustus, Rome waged a bloody conflict against the Cantabri, the Astures and the Gallaeci still resisting Roman occupation, the last independent Celts nations of Hispania. These warlike peoples fiercely resisted Roman domination; ten years of war and eight Roman legion with their Auxilia – more than 50,000 soldiers in total – were needed to subdue the region.Manuel Abilio (coord.) Rabanal Alonso (1999). 9788477198178, Universidad de León. . ISBN 9788477198178
Augustus moved to Segisama (modern Sasamon, Burgos province) in 26 BC to supervise the campaign in person. The major fighting was completed in 19 BC, although there were minor rebellions until 16 BC and the Romans had to station two legions there for seventy more years.
With all these antecedents, the Cantabrians began to be known throughout the Roman Empire. Roman troops even lost one of their standards to them, an extremely grave event. Such were the disasters and the embarrassments that, although the Roman historians justified the campaigns as retribution for Cantabrian incursions into the Roman-controlled Meseta Central, there must have been a certain lust after Asturian gold and Cantabrian iron as well.
The Astures entered the historical record in the late 3rd century BC, being listed among the Iberian mercenaries of Hasdrubal Barca’s army at the battle of Metaurus River in 207 BC.Livy, Ad Urbe Condita, 27: 43–49.Polybius, Istorion, 11: 1–3. After the Second Punic War, their history is less clear. Rarely mentioned in the sources regarding the Lusitanians, Celtiberians or Roman Civil Wars of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, they re-emerged from a relative obscurity just prior to the outbreak of the first Astur-Cantabrian war in the late 1st century BC.David Magie in Classical Philology 1920 gives the pertinent passages in Florus and Orosius and critically assesses and corrects the inconsistent topography of the sources.
The first major intervention of Rome against the peoples of the north of the Meseta was carried out in 29 BC by Statilius Taurus, who received the title of imperator from Augustus for subduing the Cantabrians, Astures and Vaccaei. Hostilities resumed In the following two years, with Calvisius Sabinus and the proconsul Sextus Apuleius achieving their respective triumphs in command of the troops. However, these victories must have been more official than real, since the peoples of the North remained independent; at least, the Cantabrians, who, according to the oldest texts, were the most rebellious. This motivated Augustus himself to move to Hispania and, at the head of the armies, begin the important campaign of 26 BC against the Cantabrians. (1985). 9788486420048, Santander: Editorial Cantabria, S.A.. ISBN 9788486420048
According to what remains from representations on coins and Cantabrian stelae, the Cantabri were skilled in light arms. Lucan referred to this when he wrote, Cantaber exiguis et longis Teutonus armis (The Cantabrian with his short weapons and the Teuton with his long ones). They were equipped with short , , short and javelins, , round or oval of wood, and leather chest protection. They also used the bipennis, a type of double-headed battle axe specific to the peoples of northern Hispania. There is no proof of their use of archery or slings, although it is quite probable that they knew and used them.
The Cantabrian also used light cavalry, and some of their cavalry tactics would be adopted by the Roman army. Examples include the circulus cantabricus, a circular formation of javelin-throwing horsemen, and the cantabricus impetus, a massive frontal attack against enemy lines with the goal of breaching them, as described by Flavius Arrianus.
The tenacity of the Cantabrian enemy was such that Augustus was obliged to deploy eight legions in the conflict:Manuel Abilio (coord.) Rabanal Alonso (1999). 9788477198178, Universidad de León. . ISBN 9788477198178
as well as various auxiliary units:
These units totaled 50,000 soldiers (30,000 legionaries and 20,000 auxiliaries).
The Roman navy was also sent to the Cantabrian coast from Gallia Aquitania. It was an important factor in the Roman victory, since it completed the encirclement of the Cantabri begun by the ground forces. It is calculated that, in total, the Roman Army deployed 70,000 men, although these calculations vary amongst authors, because they used a figure of 5,000 men per legion. In reality, the figure should surpass 80,000 men counting auxiliaries since, through the reforms of Gaius Marius, the legion had about 6,000 soldiers. However, in Augustus' time, although a legion was officially composed of 6,200 men, for various reasons, the number usually oscillated between 5,000 and 8,000.
However, the Brigaecini people of the Astures Cismontani in the Benavente region informed Augustus of these plans. Augustus gave Brigantum, the camp of Augustan Asturica, to the Brigaeci as a reward for their help. Additionally, he shared land in the plains to the allies. His general Publius Carisius attacked the Astures armies (probably commanded by Gausón), forcing them to take refuge in the hillfort of Lancia, the most important Astures Cismontani fort according to Florus.
Once Lancia was besieged, the forces of the Astures took refuge in the Mons Medullius (some scholars locate it at Las Médulas basing their opinions on Florus who specifically names the site in his history of Rome). The Roman legions besieged the mountain, building a fifteen-mile-long moat and ditch. According to Paulus Orosius, the Cantabri soldiers preferred to commit suicide with their own weapons and Taxus baccata poison rather than surrender. Orosius, Histories against the Pagans, vi.21.
Following the Battle of Mons Medullius, the rest of the Gallaecian resistance was hunted relentlessly and eventually subdued by 19 BC.
A year after his arrival, Augustus had to retire to Tarragona, presumably because of illness. The conflict, however, lasted more than ten years; it serves as a reference that the Romans conquered all of Gaul in less than seven years. It was one of only two campaigns directed personally by Augustus against barbarians, the other being the one against the Illyrians from 35 to 33 BC.
The major fighting was completed in 19 BC, although there were minor rebellions until 16 BC. Rome, as was their practice with other territories, began to impose their reforms. Despite the mass deaths, local resistance was such that the Romans had to station two legions (X Gemina and IV Macedonica) there for seventy more years.
Through the Cantabrian War and the surrender of the Cantabri to Rome (it would be inexact to state that the Astures ever surrendered; Augustus refused the common victory celebration in his return to Rome), the Roman legions adopted from them the solar symbol of twin crosses and lunar symbols, such as the Cantabri lábaro. They would still be carrying this standard 300 years later. The Roman army also copied from the Cantabri the cavalry tactics circulus cantabricus and cantabricus impetus.
Bellum Asturicum
The Astures joined the Cantabri in a common defense. In spring 25 BC, there were three Roman legions established near the Astura River (modern Esla River), with troops from Hispania Tarraconensis. According to the contemporary Roman historian Florus in his Epitome of Roman History, the forces of the Astures Transmontani came down from their snow-covered mountains (which is perfectly possible in the Picos de Europa in spring) and assembled near the Astura River, preparing to attack the three Roman winter camps.
End of the conflict
In this conflict, unusually, the Romans chose not to take prisoners. Moreover, there was a tradition among the Celts of preferring suicide to slavery. They did this by sword, by fire, or, primarily, by poisoning themselves with potions made for the purpose. According to Silius Italicus they used a concoction made from the seeds of the Taxus baccata, a plant with mythic significance for the Celts. Strabo said that they belittled death and pain, to the point of singing hymns of victory while being Crucifixion. For them, according to Strabo, to die as soldiers and free men was a victory.
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Categories: Roman Conquest Of The Iberian Peninsula, Military History Of Cantabria, Military History Of Asturias, Military History Of Castile And León, 1st Century Bc In The Roman Republic, 1st Century Bc In The Roman Empire, 20s Bc Conflicts, 10s Bc Conflicts, Augustus, 1st Century Bc In Hispania, Wars Involving The Roman Empire
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